History of the Mongols | Podcast

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Kublai Khan turns from empire-wide civil war to a single target that can break the Southern Song. We trace the five-year siege of Xiangyang and Fancheng on the Han River, the rise of a Mongol river fleet, Jia Sidao’s failed reliefs, and the game-changing counterweight trebuchets from Ilkhanid engineers. With Lu Wenhuan’s surrender in 1273, the road to the Yangzi opens and the fall of the Song begins.

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The Mongol Empire splits as Berke Khan of the Golden Horde fights Hulagu of the Ilkhanate. We cover 1262 to 1266, the Terek River disaster, Nogai’s rise, Abaqa’s counter, and Baybars’ Mamluk alliance that locks in a lasting Golden Horde-Ilkhanate rivalry.

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Mongke Khan dies in 1259 and the empire cracks. We follow Kublai and Ariq Boke’s rival quriltais, the fight for Karakorum’s supplies, the battles at Baski and Shimuultu, Alghu’s swing in the Chagatai realm, Ariq’s surrender in 1264, and how this crisis birthed the Yuan, Ilkhanate, Chagatai, and Golden Horde as separate powers.

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The Mongol invasion of the Song Dynasty (1251-1258), led by Möngke, aimed to exploit the divided defenses of the wealthy and culturally advanced Song in northern China. Prior engagements had resulted in strong resistance due to effective Song military strategies. After being displaced by the Jurchen and Jin Dynasties, the Southern Song sought to reclaim territory but faced financial and political struggles. Möngke's assault initially saw gains but was ultimately thwarted by the harsh climate and resilient defenders. His unexpected death led to disarray within the Mongol forces and a temporary reprieve for the Song, marking a turning point in the conflict amidst civil strife in the Mongol Empire.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols - After Hülegü’s sack of Baghdad in 1258, the Mongols swept into Syria, taking Aleppo and Damascus. With Egypt next, Qutuz and Baybars marched out to meet Kitbuqa in Galilee at Ayn Jalut in 1260. We track the fall of Aleppo and Damascus, Frankish neutrality at Acre, the Mamluk coalition, and the battle that stopped the Mongol advance toward Cairo.

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