Foul Play: A Historical True Crime Podcast

This episode is part of Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary -- 50 states, 25 double-feature episodes
exploring the cases that shaped American history from every corner of the country.
Hawaii, 1889. A Japanese shopkeeper is lynched from a telephone pole on the main street of Honoka'a for
speaking English on behalf of plantation workers. Louisiana, 1887. Ten thousand sugar cane workers strike for cash
wages instead of scrip -- and armed paramilitaries sweep through residential streets at dawn, killing between 35
and 300 people. Two plantation economies. Two communities who challenged the system. The same answer.
The Victims
Katsu Goto was twenty-seven years old when he was killed on October 29, 1889. Born in Japan in 1862, he
changed his family name from Kobayakawa to Goto to qualify for the Hawaii immigration program. He arrived in
Honolulu Harbor on February 8, 1885, aboard the SS City of Tokio -- one of 944 immigrants in the first wave of
government-contract Japanese workers under the kanyaku imin program. After three years cutting cane at nine
dollars a month on the Hamakua Coast, Goto opened a general store in Honoka'a, the second-largest town on
the Big Island. He spoke English. He used that skill to help Japanese workers file complaints against plantation
abuses. That made him a target.
In Thibodaux, Louisiana, the victims of the November 23, 1887 massacre were overwhelmingly Black -- formerly
enslaved people and their children who had struck for fair wages during the sugar harvest. Eight names survived
the historical record: Willis Wilson, Felix Pierre, Archy Jones, Frank Patterson, Grant Conrad, Marcellin Weldon,
Riley Anderson, and Mahala Washington. They represent a fraction of those killed. The full death toll has never
been established.
The Crimes
On the night of October 28, 1889, Katsu Goto rode on horseback to Robert Overend's plantation to meet with
Japanese workers who had been fined for a cane field fire they may not have set. He left the meeting around ten
o'clock. Six men were waiting on the road: Joseph R. Mills, Thomas Steele, William C. Blabon, William D. Watson,
John Richmond, and a man identified only as Lala. Goto was found the next morning hanging from a telephone
pole on Honoka'a's main street. The coroner determined he died of asphyxiation -- he was alive when the rope
went around his neck.
In Louisiana, the 1887 sugar strike began on October 29 when approximately 10,000 workers laid down their cane
knives at the start of harvest season. The Knights of Labor had demanded $1.25 per day in cash wages, elimination
of the scrip system, and biweekly payment. Governor Samuel Douglas McEnery -- himself a planter -- deployed
eleven companies of state militia to evict striking families from plantation housing. Parish District Judge Taylor
Beattie, a former Confederate and sugar planter, declared martial law over the Black population of Thibodaux,
assembled a committee of three hundred armed white men, and required Black residents to carry passes. On
the morning of November 23, 1887, armed paramilitaries moved through Black neighborhoods for more than two
hours, killing men, women, and children in their homes, yards, and streets.
The Investigation
In Hawaii, all six perpetrators in the Katsu Goto lynching were identified within weeks. Lala and Richmond
cooperated with authorities in exchange for dropped charges. The 1890 trial convicted four men of manslaughter
-- not murder. Mills and Steele received nine years; Blabon and Watson received four years each. But justice
eroded: Steele escaped to Australia, Blabon escaped to California, and Mills was pardoned in 1894 by the same
planter-aligned provisional government that had overthrown Queen Lili'uokalani the year before. Only Watson,
who played the smallest role, served his full sentence.
In Thibodaux, no one was arrested for the killings. No one was tried. No one was convicted. The bodies were
collected and dumped in unmarked graves at a site that later became the city dump. Andrew Price, a sugar planter
who participated in the attacks, was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1889 -- two years
after the massacre.
Historical Context
Both cases occurred within plantation economies that ran on the same equation: keep labor costs low, keep
workers dependent, and make it dangerous to organize. In Hawaii, the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 had already
stripped voting rights from Asian residents. In Louisiana, the scrip system effectively trapped formerly enslaved
workers on the same land they had worked before emancipation. Black farm labor organizing in the American
South did not resume in earnest until the 1930s -- more than forty years after the Thibodaux massacre.
Today, a memorial to Katsu Goto stands near the Honoka'a Library on Mamane Street, erected in 1994 -- 105 years
after his death. A documentary, Honoka'a Hero: The Story of Katsu Goto, remains in production. In Thibodaux,
the City Council officially condemned the violence in 2017, and a state historical marker was approved for 1123
Bourbon Street. Ground-penetrating radar surveys of the former dump site have found anomalies consistent
with burials. As of 2025, excavation and formal identification have not been completed. The bodies are still in the
ground.

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Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary — fifty true crime stories from fifty states. Wyoming, 1892. A fiftee-
n-year-old orphan train rider murders two young men in a boxcar and becomes the first person executed by
the state. New York, 1906. A seventeen-year-old immigrant kills the uncle who abused her and walks free from
a packed Manhattan courtroom. Two teenagers. Two states. Two verdicts that split the question of whether a
child's history belongs to them or to the law.
In this historical true crime double feature, Foul Play examines the execution of Charles "Kansas Charley" Miller
and the acquittal of Josephine Terranova — two cases that reveal how gender, geography, and political timing
determined which children America chose to protect and which it chose to destroy.
The Victims
Waldo Emerson and Ross Fishbaugh** were eighteen and twenty years old, from St. Joseph, Missouri. They
were not vagrants. They had outfitted themselves for a tramping adventure on the Union Pacific line with new
clothes, spending money, and arms. On the night of September 27, 1890, they were shot in the head while they
slept in a boxcar somewhere between Pine Bluff and Hillsdale, Wyoming, by a fifteen-year-old boy they had been
traveling with. Fishbaugh was found alive but died without recovering.
**Gaetano and Concetta Riggio** were killed in their home at 110 East 220th Street in the Bronx by their niece
and goddaughter, Josephine Terranova, in 1906. Gaetano had been Josephine's legal guardian and godfather
since her arrival from Sicily. Trial testimony established that he had subjected her to years of forced labor and
sustained sexual abuse behind closed doors.
The Crimes
Charles Miller — known as Kansas Charley — was born in a Manhattan tenement in 1874. Orphaned by age six, he
was placed into the Children's Aid Society orphan train system founded by Charles Loring Brace in 1853. Roughly
two hundred thousand children rode those trains between 1854 and 1929. Charley was beaten by his foster family
for bedwetting and abandoned at a train depot at thirteen. He was gang-raped in a boxcar in Omaha. He bought
a pistol. On September 27, 1890, he killed Emerson and Fishbaugh in their sleep and took their belongings.
Josephine Pullare arrived at Ellis Island from San Stefano, Sicily, around 1903. Within a year, her aunt and uncle
had turned her into a domestic servant working from four in the morning until midday, seven days a week.
The sexual abuse began sometime after. Following her husband's departure, Josephine experienced a ten-day
psychological collapse involving auditory hallucinations she believed were the voice of God commanding her to
kill her uncle. She traveled to Park Row in lower Manhattan, purchased a revolver and a long potato knife, and
returned to the Bronx to kill both Gaetano and Concetta Riggio.
The Investigation and Trials
Miller turned himself in through his brother Fred's foster family in Manhattan, Kansas. His court-appointed
defender, Frank Taggart, had never handled a capital case and was not yet admitted to the Wyoming bar.
Taggart's defense included the humiliating strategy of having Charley testify to chronic masturbation — a
nineteenth-century theory linking the practice to moral derangement. The jury convicted. First-degree murder.
Death by hanging. An eighteen-month petition campaign involving senators, congressmen, and the son of Esther
Hobart Morris — the first woman to hold judicial office in the United States — failed to persuade Acting Governor
Amos Barber to commute the sentence. On April 22, 1892, Charles Miller became the first person executed by
the state of Wyoming, killed by a hydraulic gallows mechanism designed by James Julien that had never been
used on a person before.
Josephine Terranova's trial opened May 14, 1906, in Justice Francis M. Scott's courtroom on Franklin Street in
Manhattan. Several hundred people packed inside, including more than forty women from the Italian-American
community. Defense attorney ex-Judge Palmieri argued temporary madness. Prosecutor James R. Ely argued
deliberate calculation. Competing alienists — the 1906 term for forensic psychiatrists — reached irreconcilable
conclusions. The jury delivered a swift verdict: not guilty. Scholars have called it jury nullification. Josephine was
seventeen years old.
Historical Context
These two cases, separated by fourteen years, mark a fault line in American juvenile justice during the historical
true crime era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Wyoming in 1892 was less than three months
past statehood, assembling its legal institutions while the Johnson County War between cattle barons and
homesteaders demanded hard enforcement. New York in 1906 had a legal tradition that sometimes extended
a margin of leniency to female defendants — the so-called "unwritten law" — though it was not applied equally
across race, class, or ethnicity.
Cornell historian Joan Jacobs Brumberg brought Charley's story back to public attention in a 2003 book,
discovered while researching juvenile male violence after the 1998 Jonesboro school shooting. In 2005, the
Supreme Court ruled in Roper v. Simmons that executing people for crimes committed before age eighteen was
unconstitutional. Josephine relocated to California — reportedly with financial assistance from William Randolph
Hearst — and settled in Marin County. She died on July 16, 1981, at ninety-two years old, outliving her uncle by
seventy-five years.

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Season 40: America's 250th Anniversary. Fifty states. Fifty crimes. Two hundred and fifty years of American
history, told through the true crime cases that other shows leave behind.
New Mexico, 1892. A former sheriff walks into the dark with a man he trusts and never comes home. Illinois, 1871.
A former Secretary of State steps off his porch for a midnight train and is shot dead in the street. Both men
served their communities. Both were killed for it. Both were largely forgotten — until now. This is historical true
crime, and tonight both cases are about what happens when political power turns lethal.
Case A: Francisco Chavez and the Santa Fe Ring
Francisco Chavez was born around 1851 in New Mexico Territory, the son of a family that had shaped this region
for generations before the American flag flew over Santa Fe's plaza. He was Hispanic, a nuevomexicano, and he
became sheriff of Santa Fe County at a time when the territory's government had been captured by the Santa Fe
Ring — an informal network of Anglo-American lawyers, politicians, and land speculators who exploited Spanish
and Mexican land grants to strip Hispanic families of land they had occupied for generations.
At the center of the Ring stood Thomas Catron, a Confederate veteran and Missouri lawyer who arrived in New
Mexico in 1866. By the 1890s, Catron had acquired interests in thirty-four land grants totaling approximately
three million acres — making him, by most accounts, the largest private landowner in the United States. He had
served as district attorney, territorial attorney general, and U.S. attorney. He owned the territory as surely as
anyone could.
Chavez stood against him. Historian Tobias Duran, writing in the New Mexico Historical Review, called Chavez a
formidable foe of the Santa Fe Ring. He was the rare Hispanic Democrat using the blunt authority of the sheriff's
office to push back against the most powerful men in the territory.
On the night of May 29, 1892, Chavez was lured from a Santa Fe bar by a man named Atilano Gold — someone
he trusted. Gold walked him toward the Guadalupe bridge, near the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe,
the oldest shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe in the United States. Armed men waited behind a telegraph pole.
Chavez was shot multiple times. His last words, spoken in Spanish, were that brutes had assassinated him.
Four men were indicted: Francisco Gonzales y Borrego, his brother Antonio, Laureano Alarid, and Patricio
Valencia. Their defense attorney was Thomas Catron — the man widely suspected of ordering the murder,
now defending the accused killers. The prosecution's key witness, Juan Gallegos, testified that a $700 payment
had been offered through intermediaries for Chavez's death. Judge Seeds ruled that he did not believe Catron
personally made the offer, but accepted the conspiracy existed. That distinction shielded Catron from criminal
liability.
All four defendants were convicted and sentenced to death. Appeals dragged on for nearly five years. On April
2, 1897, they were hanged simultaneously at the Santa Fe jail grounds. Forty-five National Guard soldiers were
present. At 9:09 AM, the trap bolt was drawn. Three necks broke on impact. Patricio Valencia strangled for three
to four minutes before he died.
Thomas Catron was never charged. When New Mexico achieved statehood in 1912, the territory he had helped
plunder elected him as one of its first two United States Senators. He died in 1921. A former senator. Never
charged. Never tried.
Case B: Sharon Tyndale and the Seal That Outlasted Him
Sharon Tyndale was born in Philadelphia on January 19, 1816. He arrived in Belleville, Illinois in 1833 — the same
year Chicago was incorporated as a town — and spent the next three decades building railroads and building a
career. Abraham Lincoln personally appointed him Postmaster of Belleville in 1861. When Lincoln was assassinated
in 1865, Tyndale was among the committee members who received the president's coffin in Springfield. He was
one of the original fifteen members of the National Lincoln Monument Association, the group that built Lincoln's
tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery.
In 1865, Tyndale was elected Illinois Secretary of State. His younger brother Hector had bled for the Union at
Antietam, was promoted to brigadier general, and was later breveted major general for gallantry. The family's
loyalty to the Union was bone-deep.
In 1867, the Illinois legislature authorized a new state seal. Tyndale proposed reversing the state motto from "State
Sovereignty, National Union" to "National Union, State Sovereignty." The Civil War had settled that question with
blood. The Senate rejected his proposal. So the legislature gave him the wording and handed him the design.
Tyndale kept the words in their mandated order. But he designed the banner in the eagle's beak to twist, placing
the word "Sovereignty" upside down. The seal entered use in 1868. More than a hundred and fifty years later, the
word "Sovereignty" still hangs inverted on the Great Seal of the State of Illinois.
On April 29, 1871, two years after leaving office, Tyndale walked out of his home on Adams Street in Springfield
just after one in the morning, heading to the Chicago & Alton railroad station for a 1:50 AM train. On the dark
street, steps from his own front door, someone clubbed him to the ground and shot him behind the right ear with
a single-shot Derringer — the same type of weapon used to kill Abraham Lincoln six years earlier. His $50 wallet
was taken. His gold watch was not. His killer was never identified.
A five-thousand-dollar reward went unclaimed. Four theories competed — robbery, romantic entanglement,
political enemies, railroad business dispute — and the competition destroyed the investigation. The 1929 Illinois
State Journal concluded the welter of possible motives had hindered the case. No arrest was ever made.
The seal lives on. Every official document issued by the State of Illinois, every state flag that flies over Springfield,
still carries the handiwork of a man who was murdered two years after completing it.

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Shane Waters and Gemma Hoskins close out their reunion by going down the list of the people who appeared in the Netflix documentary The Keepers, where they are today, who is still fighting, who has found peace, and who the world has lost. It is a warm, reflective conversation about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Ann Cesnik, the young School Sister of Notre Dame who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School in Baltimore, and about the community of survivors, investigators, journalists, and filmmakers her case brought together.
The Investigators and Advocates
Gemma gives an honest update on her own life, recovering from a broken hip, stepping back from the day-to-day advocacy, and finding peace in a quiet home in the woods. She talks about her fellow amateur investigator Abbie Schaub, who remains active in the legislative fight and helps run the official Keepers community online.
The Survivors
Shane and Gemma share where the survivors are now. Jean Hargadon Wehner, known as "Jane Doe" in the case, is doing meaningful work and published her memoir, Walking with Aletheia. Teresa Lancaster, "Jane Roe, " became an attorney and a leading public voice for survivors, helped pass Maryland's 2023 Child Victims Act, and wrote her memoir, Safe in Socks. Donna testified in Annapolis for the Child Victims Act and helped get Father Neil Magnus added to a public list of credibly accused clergy. They also remember Charles Franz and several of Sister Cathy's former students, including Kathy Hoback, the student Sister Cathy once shielded from Father Maskell, who passed away thispast year.
The Journalists and Experts
They remember journalist Bob Erlandson of the Baltimore Sun, who covered the case as it happened and died this past year at 94, and renowned forensic pathologist Dr. Werner Spitz, who died in 2024 at 97. Shane and Gemma also revisit Delegate C.T. Wilson, the abuse survivor who championed the Child Victims Act, and journalist Tom Nugent, whose reporting first brought the case back into the light.
The Filmmakers
Gemma catches listeners up on the team behind The Keepers, director Ryan White, producer Jessica Hargrave, and cinematographer John Benham, whose work since the series includes the Oscar-nominated, Peabody-winning documentary Come See Me in the Good Light. And, of course, they give a nod to Kim, who edits this very podcast.
What Comes Next
Shane and Gemma agree to keep going as the story unfolds, and invite listeners to suggest the people they would still like to hear from.
Content Warning
This episode discusses clergy abuse and violence.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is The Keepers about?
The Keepers is a 2017 Netflix documentary series about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Cesnik, a Baltimore nun and teacher, and the allegations of abuse at Archbishop Keough High School that may be connected to her death.
Who were Jane Doe and Jane Roe?
Jean Hargadon Wehner was known as "Jane Doe" and Teresa Lancaster as "Jane Roe, " two survivors whose accounts were central to The Keepers. Both have since written memoirs and become advocates for other survivors.
What is the Maryland Child Victims Act?
Passed in 2023, the Maryland Child Victims Act removed the time limits on lawsuits for survivors of child sexual abuse. Survivors featured in The Keepers, along with Delegate C.T. Wilson, were instrumental in its passage.
Is Sister Cathy's murder solved?
No. The murder of Sister Catherine Cesnik remains unsolved more than fifty years later. Crisis Resources
If you or someone you know has been affected by abuse:
US: RAINN National Sexual Assault Hotline, 1-800-656-4673
US: Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline, 1-800-422-4453
UK: NSPCC Helpline, 0808 800 5000
UK: Rape Crisis England & Wales, 0808 500 2222

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Shane Waters and Gemma Hoskins continue their first sit-down in over a year, working through the second half of the questions listeners submitted through the show's Facebook community. This is the follow-up to "The Mary Statue and Unanswered Questions, " a wide-ranging conversation about the unsolved 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Ann Cesnik in Baltimore, Maryland. Known to millions through the Netflix documentary The Keepers, Gemma has spent more than a decade investigating what happened to Sister Cathy, the young School Sister of Notre Dame who taught English and drama at Archbishop Keough High School.
The Persons of Interest
Listeners asked about the figures who have circled this case for years. Gemma explains why "Brother Bob" has never been publicly identified, how the nickname came to stand for more than one man, and why she has stepped back from the theory she put forward in her own 2019 book. She and Shane talk through how a single murder sits at the center of a web of other abuse and other suspected crimes, and why that makes Sister Cathy's case so difficult to untangle.
New Questions Around Father Koob
Gemma describes the women who have come forward in recent years with accusations against Father Gerard Koob, and walks through why, in her understanding, charges have been so hard to bring, including questions of jurisdiction and corroboration, since only some of the accusers were abused in Maryland. She recounts asking Detective Josh Battaglia to put her questions to Koob directly. Koob, who was the subject of a 2023 Baltimore Banner investigation by reporter Justin Fenton, continues to deny wrongdoing and says listeners are thinking of a different man. He has not been charged.
Who Knew, and the Attorney General's Report
Shane and Gemma discuss how much the staff at Archbishop Keough may have known, and why so many people went quiet after Sister Cathy was killed. They place it in the context of the Maryland Attorney General's 2023 report on clergy abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore, a 456-page document detailing the abuse of more than 600 children across decades and the conclusion that "no parish went untouched. " That history is part of what is driving the Archdiocese's current bankruptcy.
Joyce Malecki and the Sealed Files
The conversation turns to Joyce Malecki, the 20-year-old whose 1969 murder near Fort Meade has long been discussed alongside Sister Cathy's. Gemma updates listeners on the 2023 exhumation of Joyce's body, the family's still-unanswered request for thousands of pages of FBI files first sought in 2014, and the letter Senator Chris Van Hollen carried to the White House on their behalf. Shane makes the case for why physical evidence in an unsolved murder should never be destroyed.
Cathy's Family
Gemma reflects on why Sister Cathy's family chose to step out of the spotlight after The Keepers, the heartbreak of learning their loved one's death may not have been random, and the dignity of their decision to protect their own peace.
Content Warning
This episode discusses clergy abuse and violence.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who is Gemma Hoskins?
Gemma Hoskins is a retired Baltimore teacher and former student at Archbishop Keough High School. She has spent more than a decade investigating the murder of her former teacher, Sister Cathy Cesnik, and was one of the central figures in the Netflix documentary The Keepers. She was named Maryland Teacher of the Year in 1992.
Has anyone been charged in Sister Cathy's murder?
No. The 1969 murder of Sister Catherine Cesnik remains unsolved, and no one has ever been charged.
What is the Maryland Attorney General's report?
Released in 2023, the report documented decades of child sexual abuse within the Archdiocese of Baltimore, naming Father Joseph Maskell among its most prolific abusers and identifying more than 600 victims across the Archdiocese.
Who is investigating Sister Cathy's case today?
Detective Josh Battaglia of the Baltimore County Police Department currently handles the investigation. He took overfrom Corporal Robin Teal after her retirement.
Crisis Resources
If you or someone you know has been affected by abuse:
US: RAINN National Sexual Assault Hotline, 1-800-656-4673
US: Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline, 1-800-422-4453
UK: NSPCC Helpline, 0808 800 5000
UK: Rape Crisis England & Wales, 0808 500 2222

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